中亚牧羊犬FCI官方繁育标准（2309字）

冰封痕

中亚牧羊犬FCI官方繁育标准（2309字）
$ h3 z  \2 V# ]5 D' J6 L发源地：俄罗斯
FCI标准号：335
- q. Q5 S6 C# A' d/ d: e群2 马士提夫类型
部2.2马士提夫型
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7 z& G) Y& a8 p+ l# u7 d官方标准资料来源：NKP RKF ORK CAO（2000年4月12日）
' q7 x: ~+ T; \0 zF.C.I. # 335 /07.07.1993/ D 里大量使用了NKP RKF ORK CAO官方消息；
8 f% T( r: ]; H- R9 S发源地：俄罗斯、公布日期1989 (# 335 /25.01.1989)。
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( z8 G* {6 T3 n$ d& b该繁育标准在2000年没有改动

RKF繁育委员会在2000年3 月21日接纳了中亚牧羊犬FCI335号标准，现在仍在使用。

牙齿、咬合－不论犬年龄大小，都必须是剪状咬合，水平或下凸腭（上下齿间距不能太大）。
颜色：任何毛色除了猪肝色或蓝色。

7 m& c! K/ @- d% R, W失去资格的错误：任何种类的猪肝色或蓝色。
9 v# Z0 n) M( _6 v# y* {( d% d以上改动的标准从2000年3 月24日开始实行。
% V) D5 z# Y" C+ O' g( q. J3 }3 _－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－
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5 a2 O/ L- }- L0 M3 n: O- Q) P* s( y9 B历史梗概
中亚是大型犬，它是人类的需要和自然的选择交互影响作用的产物，它适应了很多地方的自然条件。这一犬种是在从里海到中国，从南乌拉尔山脉到阿富汗的广大地区形成的。这一犬种有着古老藏獒的血统，许多牧民都拥有这种牧犬，它也是美索不达米亚(西南亚地区)的斗犬。这种犬和蒙古獒、藏獒、阿富汗獒犬和伊朗的獒犬都有着联系。它还和西欧的西班牙马士提夫有着关系。从其起源来看，中亚属于护卫犬、牧犬和大型狩猎犬。
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$ Y* ], C8 z7 Q3 `, l. F8 O, z' M普遍外观
中亚牧羊犬是个头高大、强壮、勇敢、自信、谦逊，能适应于各种类型气候，可以胜任多种工作的犬种。它有着魁梧的身材、庞大的体型和健壮的肌肉。

行为
- ^+ |8 O4 y5 \0 T自信、平衡、举止得体。性格属于主动防御型。有 天生的财产和领地护卫意识。缺乏自信的举止和过分的狂躁都会使它在评估分数降低。
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主要比例
它的体型是体长稍大于肩高的（尤其是雌性更为明显）。成年雄性最低肩高是65CM，雌性是60CM。如果狗的体型比例正常，那这一数据应该增加。性别特征明显。雄性的比雌性的更高大魁梧。

+ w0 w8 X$ \/ v8 R6 `头部
9 ~0 t. l) _5 y/ i. w比例均衡、粗壮。

( ^; D3 V/ [8 p头盖骨
头盖骨宽阔，有着发达但是干净的面颊，眉骨微隆。由于发达肌肉的覆盖，枕骨的 外观是平坦的。前额平坦但是稍呈球状隆起。
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额段
8 g4 W1 }3 S5 [9 p2 |+ r8 @! b6 \$ _稍微凸出。
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$ W' d3 u# Y8 n/ H: C- e& X$ B嘴吻部
5 l/ c* a& Y" j3 X9 n# V钝型，比头盖骨的长度稍短，眼睛以下饱满、宽、深，象鼻子发展几乎没有收敛。从前、侧面看，嘴吻是放行的。从上面俯瞰－几乎是长方形，楔形几乎看不出来。下颚有力、宽。
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大、黑。除当毛色为白色或浅棕色时，鼻子的颜色不能变浅。
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2 S) u8 Z, [, B- }8 C5 F: m嘴唇
- M" V9 L$ m) t% @7 R厚、完全盖住下颚。

7 ~: B4 p: L& h  g# ^. h牙齿
2 n6 w4 d+ E" q. j+ \白、大、结合紧密；完整的全副牙齿应该有42颗。第一前臼齿可以是重叠的。门牙的根部位于同一条直线上。咬合为剪状、水平或紧凑的下凸腭（无空隙）。门牙的断裂不影响咬合类型的判断，也不影响成绩。
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眼睛
" t5 p0 K+ V2 B不大、卵圆形、视线向前，深陷于眼窝，眼间距大。眼皮闭合紧密，标志性的第三眼睑是可以出现的。眼缘完整是最好的。

: t; F* }8 `* i2 `6 f3 D8 X耳朵
不大、三角形、悬垂、耳根位置低－耳朵坐落在眼睛的水平线上或稍低于该线。幼年时期裁成短耳。
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) u$ ~! @% ]" J/ X: o- p脖子
强壮、几乎是圆形的，脖子根部粗，等于头部的长度。和背线呈35-40°。可以有嗉袋。

身体
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4 u2 E9 z7 ]8 @! j顶线
3 p  o7 T  K8 @肩部位置高，不长，明显。臀部的高度等于或大于肩高。后背强壮、笔直、宽阔，肌肉组织发达。
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腰部
短、宽、肌肉饱满，稍弓。

臀部
6 G9 i& H& o1 \8 v- K宽、强健但稍有坡度，稍长。


胸部
# Q3 S$ A( ?2 n. i/ `胸部底线略低于肘，或与肘平齐，长。宽，较圆。肋鼓非常圆，假肋发达。胸前部发达，与肩部浅窝相比较突出。线条明显的胸底部更加重了胸部宽阔的外观。

- e' K3 ~* }! j* J腹部
稍上收，略高于胸底线。

尾巴
6 |! U. R; M1 X  K6 n4 w  @; U尾根位置高。自然尾（尾巴未断）是可以的，尾巴上卷成镰刀形，下拖至 跗关节。

/ v1 ^0 p* ]( b9 F  r# z3 b% |四肢
从前面看－笔直、宽、相互平行。肩刃部长且倾泻。

6 k( h3 g& k) x& Y; \) i前臂
' Y. F8 Q, S' b/ u肩刃长、倾斜，与水平线呈100度角。肩部肌肉发达，前臂粗壮、浑圆、笔直、深插入身体。前臂到肘的高度几乎等于肩高的一半。
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球节
( j1 F8 F/ Q9 P粗、壮、稍倾斜。

& v& r: A" `+ w  i# K9 d9 T* q, }, E后肢
, J0 n6 T/ w3 s从后面看笔直，相互平行，间距稍宽于前肢。

& a: U, f3 b" V. v3 L上股
宽、肌肉饱满。上股的骨骼中等长度，稍倾斜。

" T/ u1 g' m* l  N/ A0 w0 _下股
4 j, |8 J7 d; b4 h$ P9 k中等长度

后球节
6 S  \( ~* R0 t3 ~9 Z6 w中等长度，粗、向上伸。
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9 s1 X% h0 K4 A! _& J足
" n% ^7 A$ N. ]3 o" a: p大、卵圆形，猫足。狼爪必须去除。膝骨和跗关节角度适当、清晰可见。

行动
典型的步态是从容不迫的，不小跑也不疾驰。四肢关节随心所欲的活动，肩部、后背和腰部在活动中在水平线上稍微上下弹动。
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皮肤
6 f& D, X8 a2 c0 V5 z4 ]; n  V2 }厚、但弹性不太大，有着丰富的皮下脂肪组织，经常可以形成嗉袋和下胸的垂肉。
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被毛
被毛粗糙、直。底毛发达。根据被毛的长度分成两种类型的被毛－－短毛，外毛拉着长度为4-5 cm，没有任何装饰毛。
9 T7 |  @" z- x/ ~; H8 |长毛，外貌拉直7－8CM，在耳朵、脖子、后腿、尾巴上有很丰富的装饰毛。

; X( r9 h& L+ |, s& V/ x颜色
! e. D6 u: i- P  |( @% T任何除了猪肝色和蓝色以外的颜色。
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  s; ^. F3 ^2 ?身高
雄性的最低身高为65CM，雌性为60CM。如果狗的身材呈比例，肩高还可以继续增加。

缺点
普遍外观：有口水或身材松懈；腿过长；骨骼纤细。
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头部：短、细，不成正确比例。球形凸起式前额，腮肌过于明显。前额皱纹过多；过长可以形成腮皮的嘴唇。
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3 @5 T0 l& g! x/ y1 e额段：太过突出
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鼻子：蝴蝶形、棕色或粉色（除被毛为白色或浅棕色）。除白色或浅棕色被毛外，有浅色鼻子。
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牙齿：小、间距大、折断过多。缺一颗牙。

/ p' [  J+ E# R7 J2 a眼睛：突出，圆，间距小。巩膜上有部分开放的瞬膜。

* I. l7 {" ?% _: U! N! B耳朵：耳根位置高（耳朵坐落在前额的水平线上），未裁耳。
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" w7 ?/ f  L0 X; ?脖子：脖子位置高
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背线：有起伏或呈拱形。臀部过高于肩部。
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腰部：平、窄、下垂

臀部：窄、短、突然深陷。
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胸部：平、窄、浅、不发达、肩刃短、肩部直、腕部和肘部韧带力量薄弱。
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, \- |, v- g0 ]  u" e6 I2 o1 b四肢：后肢过低，膝关节或跗关节过直，前腿间距窄。
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- V+ j& o  S7 l. X  }7 x7 ^行动：拘紧，平衡不好。步态不正确。
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失去资格的错误
4 q# O+ ~. i* G- ?$ x普遍外观：单侧或双侧隐睾，睾丸发育不良。
: A+ p0 @* I+ \" A& V; P行为：胆小懦弱、易怒，没有控制能力的攻击。
牙齿：背离标准的所有牙形。
眼睛：蓝色或其他不同于标准的颜色
! T0 E5 e9 X7 z0 z. l( |4 @( h腿：关节柔韧性不好。
被毛：柔软、卷曲、呈波浪状
) z, s( [: `* c3 @颜色：所有类型的猪肝色或蓝色。

冰封痕

原文FCI Standard
4 k6 T0 `( j/ c% n$ c) }* W  ZMiddle Asian Ovcharka (Central Asian Ovcharka)
Country of Origin: Russia
Current Standard FCI N 335 (New Standard FCI N335, please note that this standard is still waiting for FCI approval. There are some major changes we won’t withhold you)

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- o# {. a5 Q- u! y6 ASHORT HISTORICAL ESSAY:
3 g( j9 R: E  m. ^; F' o2 OThe shepherd dogs from Central Asia are dogs of above average and great size of a coarse constitution, strong, bold, wary of strangers, not very demanding, who adapt easily to different climatic conditions. All that allows the shepherd dog of Central Asia to be used widely in the different regions of the country. The principal regions of penetration of the Central Asia shepherd dogs are the republics of Central Asia and the regions surrounding them.
2 M  y0 k* y' v9 t$ X! ~0 _' wThe Central Asian Ovcharka is one of the largest breeds that has been created in the result of interaction and fight of two mighty forces - man's necessities of life and natural selection conditioned by severe nature of the region. The breed formed in the vast territory stretched from the Caspian Sea to China and from the South Ural to Afghanistan. The breed has the blood of the ancient dogs of the Tibet, the shepherd dogs of different nomadic people and of the fighting dogs of Mesopotamia. The Central Asian Ovcharka is related to the Mongolian Ovcharka, Tibetan Mastiff, Ovcharkas of Afghanistan and Iran. In West Europe there is also the relative of the CAO, it is the Spanish Mastiff. In the territory of origin the CAOs are used as the guard and shepherd dogs, and also when hunting large animals.
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4 |; n2 t/ c$ k2 p4 ]TYPE OF CONSTITUTION:
4 t+ P" q- A+ S5 V2 aCoarse, with a massive bone structure and a powerful musculature. One often comes across dogs of this breed who have a tendency to being soft, lacking in energy. The thick skin with a well-developed and sufficiently elastic sub-cutaneous tissue, often forms folds in the region of the neck.
A Central Asian Ovcharka is a dog of the large height, strong, brave, self-respectful, unpretentious, easily adaptable to various weather conditions that makes it possible to use this breed for different work. Dogs have the rough built type, massive bone and strong musculature.
FAULTS: Obesity
MAJOR FAULTS: Weak constitution, rickety. Muscular weakness.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF BEHAVIOUR:
. I, F: I, Z" I7 }8 w$ C: kType of great nervous activity; balanced and calm. The predominant reaction is of defence in an active way.
Confident, balanced, quite behaviour. The characteristic reaction is the active-defensive one. Has the inborn sense of property and territory. Unconfident behaviour and excessive excitability are the major faults that make dog's breeding value lower.
4 `/ y+ \+ V8 R9 t% V% j2 VFAULTS: Lack of excessive energy. Timid character.
* }: @) s4 S5 b0 p' @$ \MAJOR FAULTS: Great excitability. Cowardice.
DISQUALIFYING FAULTS: Coward, choleric, uncontrolled aggressiveness.

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' Y3 T( i' o4 e0 ZFORMAT INDEX:
Males 100-105, females 102-108.
6 `0 M, q7 G$ k: O9 S3 i  W3 yFAULTS: Slight deviation from the indicated format index.
4 h0 J) [0 R9 n' b. X$ fMAJOR FAULTS: Important deviations in relation to the format index.
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SEX TYPE:
2 X9 i8 v5 E. _- Y- B& C% ^Well accentuated. The males are more virile, stronger and more massive than the females. The ***ual dimorphism is clearly obvious.
, F/ n" p; B# v. I6 e1 |8 }The format is slightly long (more often in females than in males). The low height limit for males is 65 cm, for females - 60 cm. If a dog is proportionally built, it should be more. The *** types are clear. Males are larger and more massive than females.
# y: w4 @6 W* r# K- a7 qMAJOR FAULTS: Males of feminine type. Unilateral and bilateral cryptorchids.
% Q, u' J2 O8 `9 gFAULTS: Dry or loose built; leggy, poor bone.
5 y! k( k% I1 M- pDISQUALIFYING FAULTS: A dog in a feminy type. Total or unilateral cryptorchism, the underdeveloped testicles.
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HEAD:
Massive, wide in the skull region with strongly developed zygomatics. Forehead flat, stop hardly visible. The muzzle is a little shorter than the length of the skull, wide between the eyes, hardly narrowing towards the nose. Seen from the front and from above, the muzzle appears rectangular, whereas in profile it has a truncated shape with an heavy upper lip which hangs at the corners of the mouth. The nose is strong and black. In light coloured dogs a brown nose is allowed.
" Y# X' |+ ]% y/ k+ w* vProportional, massive.
SKULL: The skull is broad with well-developed but clean cheeks and slightly marked supraorbital ridges. The occiput is flatted because of the well-developed musculature. The forehead is flat or slightly rounded.
7 H( p" ?- ]: c$ `  J$ X7 TSTOP: Slightly pronounced.
MUZZLE: Blunt, slightly shorter than the length of the skull, well filled under the eyes, wide and deep, almost not pinched to a nose. At the front and side view a muzzle is square, at the view from above - from the rectangle to the massive almost not narrowed wedge form. The lower jaw is massive and broad.
) I+ U; Y' b8 h9 FNOSE: Big, black. The light nose is admissible when white and light-fawn colour.
LIPS: Thick fleshy, completely covering the lower jaw.
) d5 k9 S4 M  n/ R% qFAULTS: Light head. Zygomatic arches very prominent. Bulging forehead. Very pronounced stop. Superciliary arches prominent. Short or long muzzle. Wrinkled skin on the head.
MAJOR FAULTS: Narrow head. Light head. Pointed and upturned muzzle.
HEAD FAULTS: Short, light, unproportional. A domed forehead, well marked cheekiness. The well marked wrinkled skin on a head; the fluttering lips forming flews.
* U' w/ {5 x+ B6 h* @STOP FAULTS: Abrupt.
NOSE FAULTS: Butterfly, brown or pink (do not mix with a light nose when white or light fawn colour). Any colour admits a light nose, but the white and light fawn ones.
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TEETH:
8 M$ D' l$ z. B7 KWhite, strong, fitting tightly. The incisors are set at the base in one line. Scissors bite.
2 H1 D8 M3 }4 R% h$ M% C# ~White, large, tightly set; a full tooth-formula (42 teeth). It is admissible when the first premolar is doubled. The incisors bases are set in a line. Scissors, level bite or compact undershot bite (without break). The broken incisors that can't prevent from determining the bite, don't influence the mark.
FAULTS: Worn teeth in such way disproportionate to the age. Presence of broken teeth without deformity of the bite. Absence of more than two first premolars or absence of a first and a second premolar. Slight yellowing of the teeth.
MAJOR FAULTS: Teeth small, sparse. Incisors irregularly placed. All deviation in relation to the normal scissors bite. Absence of one incisor or one canine. Absence of a third or fourth premolar or of one molar. Teeth with badly damaged enamel.
$ D; }$ ~: j( nFAULTS: Small, widely spaced, rather broken. Lack of one tooth.
DISQUALIFYING FAULTS: All deviations from the standard bite.
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EYES:
Dark, wide apart, rounded, set straight.
Not big, oval, looking straight ahead, set deep and well apart. The eyelids are rather close fitting, the marked third eyelid is admissible. The complete eye rims are desirable.
& _( N+ t, n1 zFAULTS: Light eyes or set on the slant. Drooping lids. White speek on the eye.
' R9 n: \. d. U; C: g+ ]* ^% e0 UFAULTS: Protruding, round, close set. The haw eyes partially opening the sclera.
4 L/ M. u; F' Z, [( |9 rDISQUALIFYING FAULTS: Blue, eyes of different colour.

1 v# S% N/ ]) u' Z$ F, ^7 v8 LEARS:
& |# q( F: B8 d$ T& r( i) @; {+ ZSmall, hanging, low set, of triangular shape (cropped short on puppies).
: j( L7 n7 L( A; t; L" }4 V  k0 iNot big, triangular, hanging, low set - the ear set is on the eye level or slightly lower. Shortly cropped when a puppy.
FAULTS: High set ears. Not cropped.
  B. |" I9 F) b7 jFAULTS: High set (the ear set is on a forehead level), not cropped.

5 {3 S: Y) o) O1 k5 u6 BNECK:
: ~0 F8 f0 Z" C" o2 l1 r  c0 @2 Q! H6 e5 CShort, muscular, carried low, forming an angle of about 30° till 40° with the line of the back.
Strong, nearly round in section, a wide neck set, equal to the head length. Set at an angle of 35-40° to a back line. The dewlap is admissible.
FAULTS: Long neck with insufficient muscle. Dewlap very obvious.
FAULTS: High set.
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BODY

WITHERS (TOP LINE):
High, well defined, especially in males. The height at the withers is of 1 or 2 cm superior to the height at the rump. Back is strong, straight, wide.
9 g9 F" d( \& z( d9 p& E, DHigh withers, not long, well marked. The height in withers is little more or equal to the height in rump. A back is strong, straight, broad, it's musculature is well developed.
; I1 k6 b4 Q$ G# ?WITHERS FAULTS: Withers low, insufficiently marked above the line of the back.
' c, H; o$ P& u6 R' o5 w8 P9 G3 E) y& ~BACK FAULTS: Soft back or arched.
& q0 X6 x% q9 gMAJOR FAULTS: Hollow or humped back.
9 e8 f; F( _# Y5 i3 x3 HTOPLINE FAULTS: A sway or roached back. The croup is much higher than withers.

RUMP:
8 _( u9 ^& u2 o% X" h* G3 iWide, muscular, almost horizontal.
FAULTS: Rump a little on the slant.
MAJOR FAULTS: Narrow, short, very oblique. Rump very high.

LOIN:
Short, broad, muscular, slightly arched.
. e9 U# C# a7 a. {: n" `# n  pFAULTS: Flat, narrow, sagging.
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1 T5 s/ b% |6 m& oCROUP:
Short, wide, slightly rounded.
Wide, muscular slightly sloped, reasonably long.
FAULTS: Long loin, straight or too rounded.
MAJOR FAULTS: Long loin, narrow or hollow.
FAULTS: Narrow, short, abruptly sunken.

- m+ N8 G* B3 ?5 W# ?, _; pCHEST:
/ T+ _8 y2 Z7 f/ E6 rWide, deep with rounded ribs. The lower line of the chest is either at elbow level or lower.
Lowered to an elbow line or lower, long, broad, rounded in section. The ribs are well rounded, the false ribs are well developed. A front part of the chest is well developed and prominent in comparison with the glenohumeral joints. The well-defined under chest can intensify the general impression of the massiveness of the body front part.
FAULTS: Flat chest, rather small. Skin definitively hanging below the chest.
MAJOR FAULTS: Very flat chest, narrow and small, insufficiently developed.
FAULTS: Flat, narrow, shallow, underdeveloped. The blades are short, the shoulders are straight, the ligaments of the wrist and elbow joints are weak.
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7 H" {6 s5 V/ t/ a; ^ABDOMEN (BELLY):
Moderately tucked up.
" c! K0 P1 |8 U5 f( S3 w, R1 HReasonably tucked up, slightly higher than a lower chest line.
0 A. E+ l2 Y2 U0 y9 a3 Q5 x* XFAULTS: Abdomen (belly) too tucked up (as in Greyhound) or drooping (voluminous)

TAIL:
% `4 Q: j7 I! ]+ uHigh set, in shape of sickle, hanging; reaches the hock. Docked short
High-set, thick in set. The undocked tails are admissible, they are sickle curved and reach the hock joints.
+ \8 A/ w& _; v3 a4 b" TFAULTS: Not shortened.
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: N% J" j! d* c1 }. r0 {; ?FOREQUARTERS:
Seen from the front; straight and parallel. The length of the legs to the elbows (from the ground to the elbow) is slightly superior to half of the height of the dog at the withers. Angle of scapular-humeral articulations is about 100°. FOREARM: straight, massive, long; PASTERNS: short, wide, strong, straight
At front view - straight, wide and parallel set. The blades are long and sloping in set.
9 c' y1 f* W* J* ?- N& kFOREARM: The shoulder blades are long, sloping in set. An angle of the shoulder-blade joint is about 100°. The shoulders are muscular, the forearms are massive, rounded in section, straight, set deep under the body. The length of the forelegs up to the elbows is a bit longer or just the same as the half of height in withers. PASTERNS:
Massive, strong, slightly sloping.
FAULTS: Slight deviation of the angle of the shoulder articulation. Feet slightly toeing in or out. Pasterns a little soft.
MAJOR FAULTS: Straight shoulder or too closed. Deformation of leg bones. Weak pasterns. Feet badly toeing in or out.
& c' [' x3 Y% X7 d3 ?LEGS DISQUALIFYING FAULTS: The joints are not enough fixed (flexible).

: ]' W5 f  l+ X- tHINDQUARTERS:
( a/ J$ U$ X( R& M/ |- C, b( ~Set parallel, slightly open at level of stifle and hock joint. Legs short, Metatarsales thick, straight set.
At rear view straight and parallel, set slightly wider than the forequarters. UPPER THIGHS: Wide, muscular. The upper thigh bones are of the medium length, slightly sloping in set. LOWER THIGHS: Of the medium length. REAR PASTERNS: Of the medium length, massive, upright.
5 c9 X; |! h, _: WFAULTS: Slight deviation in relation to parallelism of hindquarters. Hocks a little close. Hind angulation a little straight.
; ^  w( @- ?5 D' U. }MAJOR FAULTS: Definite deviation in relation to parallelism of the legs. Bowed legs. Hind angulation excessively straight.
" C( H7 W5 h: ^1 s: bLIMBS FAULTS: The hindquarters too far under, too straight in stifle and in hock. A narrow front.
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$ y2 T; Y: Q3 A6 r/ i7 t5 b5 B5 aFEET:
1 u$ W) I9 X* V4 k( U0 D. q2 Q( _Front and hind: strong, oval, compact.
Large, oval, arched, cat-like. The dewclaws must be cut off. The stifle and hock angulation is average marked, clearly angulated.
FAULTS: Splayed feet, long and flat.
8 J% M5 @3 t# ]- i1 O" nMAJOR FAULTS: Badly splayed feet, very flat.

MOVEMENT/GAITS:
The heavy shortened trot and gallop are the most characteristic gaits of this breed of dogs. At the trot the legs must move in a straight line, with a certain coming together of the forelegs.
The typical gaits are reachy, not stretching trot and gallop. The joints of the fore-and hindquarters unbend freely, the withers, back and loin are slightly springy and on the same level.
# K: M' ?, y) b+ J* V  XFAULTS: Slight deviation in relation to normal gaits.
MAJOR FAULTS: Restricted movements, hobbled.
* L  ~. h' p$ v0 ZFAULTS: Bindy or unbalanced. Uncorrected pace.

SKIN:
  F1 l6 _( d) ], ~2 YThick, not too elastic, with well-developed subdermal fat tissue, very often forms the dewlap and under chest.
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COAT:
* l8 l* T" C3 j% TCoarse hair, straight with a well developed undercoat. On the head and on the foreface of the legs, the hair is short, flat against the skin. The dogs are distinguished according to the length of their coat:
1) long-haired (7-8 cm) on the back and the surface of the body, especially on the ears, the neck, the back of the fore- and hindquarters and on the tail.
  L4 o& ~, Z* @, Z0 E" F* T/ F2) Short-haired (3-5 cm) and smooth.
The hair is coarse, straight, undercoat is well developed. Depending on the hair length they distinguish two coat types:
- with short (4-5 cm) taut outer hair, without any sighs of furnishing hair;
- with long (7-8 cm) outer and cover hair and well developed furnishing hair on the ears, neck, the rear sides of the legs and on the tail.
2 y) \( d$ w. I' RMAJOR FAULTS: Very short coat without undercoat. Hair soft, wavy or curly.
& k3 B. m/ k# g% s8 hDISQUALIFYING FAULTS: Soft, curly, wavy.

COLOUR:
White, black, grey, straw, ginger (rusty), grey-brown, brindle, piebald and speckled.
Any colour, but not liver or blue (all the variants).
  l7 Q9 u) w9 D  kDISQUALIFYING FAULTS: Liver or blue (all the variants).
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SIZE:
3 S, J! I) p* o0 A9 k% U, P! QHeight at the withers: males not less than 65 cm, females not less than 60 cm.
  Z& C4 H, e+ y3 TThe low height limit for males is 65 cm, for females - 60 cm. If a dog is proportionally built, it should be more.
5 q2 t  u( [7 n3 l. ?/ [9 cFAULTS: Height at the withers between 60 and 64 for the males, between 58 and 60 for the females.
MAJOR FAULTS: Height at the withers below 60 cm for males, and below 58 cm for females.
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& q) V) E0 Z7 j9 j( t8 CELIMINATING (DISQUALIFYING) FAULTS:
% U& q1 [, }9 j% Y5 u4 BAll deviations in relation to the correct scissors bite. Absence of one incisor or one canine, a third premolar or a fourth premolar or of one molar.

NOTE:
Males should have two apparently normal testicles fully descended into the scrotum

西门子

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大侠若尘

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